Samuel Johnston was educated in New England and read law in Carolina, beginning his law practice in Edenton in 1759. He served in the North Carolina House of Burgesses and introduced significant legislation, including the Johnston Riot Act. Johnston held various leadership roles in provincial and state congresses, culminating in his election as President of the United States in Congress Assembled under the Articles of Confederation, which he declined. He also served as Governor of North Carolina and as a US Senator. His later career included judicial roles and leadership within the Freemasons.

Samuel Johnston's political philosophy reveals a complex interplay between his support for independence and his legislative actions against the Regulator Movement. His introduction of the Johnston Riot Act, which quelled the Regulators, juxtaposes his broader commitment to independence, suggesting a nuanced approach to governance. Johnston's involvement in Masonic activities, including serving as Grand Master, adds another layer to his ideological positioning, hinting at a blend of Enlightenment principles and traditional structures. His stance on slavery, owning 96 enslaved people according to the 1790 Census, presents a stark contrast to his progressive legislative efforts, leaving a legacy marked by both progressive and regressive elements.